block: integrate bd_start_claiming into __blkdev_get

bd_start_claiming duplicates a lot of the work done in __blkdev_get.
Integrate the two functions to avoid the duplicate work, and to do the
right thing for the md -ERESTARTSYS corner case.

Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Acked-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>