The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 596ae97a ("ALSA: oxygen: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-35-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() manually on the error
from the probe callback.

Fixes: 6f16c19b ("ALSA: lx6464es: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-34-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() manually on the error
from the probe callback.

Fixes: 87e082ad ("ALSA: cmipci: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-33-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() manually on the error
from the probe callback.

Fixes: 33631012 ("ALSA: aw2: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-32-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() manually on the error
from the probe callback.

Fixes: 21a9314c ("ALSA: als300: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-31-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 098fe3d6 ("ALSA: lola: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-30-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 9e80ed64 ("ALSA: bt87x: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-29-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres forgot to replace the snd_card_free()
call with the devm version.  Moreover, it still needs the manual call
of snd_card_free() at the probe error path, otherwise the reverse
order of the releases may happen.  This patch addresses those issues.

Fixes: 499ddc16 ("ALSA: sis7019: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-28-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 854577ac ("ALSA: x86: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-27-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: afaf9975 ("ALSA: via82xx: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-26-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 2ca6cbde ("ALSA: sonicvibes: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-25-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: df06df7c ("ALSA: rme96: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-24-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 102e6156 ("ALSA: rme32: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-23-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 546c201a ("ALSA: riptide: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-22-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 5c093925 ("ALSA: maestro3: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-21-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: b5cde369 ("ALSA: korg1212: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-20-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 7835e090 ("ALSA: intel8x0: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-19-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 314f6dbb ("ALSA: ice1724: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-18-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 47c41339 ("ALSA: fm801: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-17-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: a7b4cbfd ("ALSA: es1968: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-16-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 08e9d3ab ("ALSA: es1938: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-15-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 10ed6eaf ("ALSA: ens137x: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-14-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 2b377c6b ("ALSA: emu10k1x: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-13-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

Fixes: 5eba4c64 ("ALSA: cs5535audio: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-12-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 99041fea ("ALSA: cs4281: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-11-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 1656fa6e ("ALSA: ca0106: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-10-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 8c5823ef ("ALSA: azt3328: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-9-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: e44b5b44 ("ALSA: au88x0: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-8-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 86bde74d ("ALSA: atiixp: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-7-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 0e175f66 ("ALSA: als4000: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-6-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The recent cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 1f081997 ("ALSA: ali5451: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-5-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 567f5875 ("ALSA: ad1889: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-4-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 111601ff ("ALSA: sc6000: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-3-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 35a245ec ("ALSA: galaxy: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412102636.16000-2-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The previous cleanup with devres may lead to the incorrect release
orders at the probe error handling due to the devres's nature.  Until
we register the card, snd_card_free() has to be called at first for
releasing the stuff properly when the driver tries to manage and
release the stuff via card->private_free().

This patch fixes it by calling snd_card_free() on the error from the
probe callback using a new helper function.

Fixes: 9c211bf3

 ("ALSA: echoaudio: Allocate resources with device-managed APIs")
Reported-and-tested-by: Zheyu Ma <zheyuma97@gmail.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/CAMhUBjm2AdyEZ_-EgexdNDN7SvY4f89=4=FwAL+c0Mg0O+X50A@mail.gmail.com
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412093141.8008-3-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

This is a small helper function to handle the error path more easily
when an error happens during the probe for the device with the
device-managed card.  Since devres releases in the reverser order of
the creations, usually snd_card_free() gets called at the last in the
probe error path unless it already reached snd_card_register() calls.
Due to this nature, when a driver expects the resource releases in
card->private_free, this might be called too lately.

As a workaround, one should call the probe like:

 static int __some_probe(...) { // do real probe.... }

 static int some_probe(...)
 {
	return snd_card_free_on_error(dev, __some_probe(dev, ...));
 }

so that the snd_card_free() is called explicitly at the beginning of
the error path from the probe.

This function will be used in the upcoming fixes to address the
regressions by devres usages.

Fixes: e8ad415b ("ALSA: core: Add managed card creation")
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220412093141.8008-2-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

For this specific device on Lenovo Thinkpad X12 tablet, the verbs were
dumped by qemu running a guest OS that init this codec properly.
After studying the dump, it turns out that
the same quirk used by the other Lenovo devices can be reused.

The patch was tested working against the mainline kernel.

Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Tao Jin <tao-j@outlook.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/CO6PR03MB6241CD73310B37858FE64C85E1E89@CO6PR03MB6241.namprd03.prod.outlook.com


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

Syzbot reports "KASAN: null-ptr-deref Write in
snd_pcm_format_set_silence".[1]

It is due to missing validation of the "silence" field of struct
"pcm_format_data" in "pcm_formats" array.

Add a test for valid "pat" and, if it is not so, return -EINVAL.

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/000000000000d188ef05dc2c7279@google.com/



Reported-and-tested-by:  <syzbot+205eb15961852c2c5974@syzkaller.appspotmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Fabio M. De Francesco <fmdefrancesco@gmail.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220409012655.9399-1-fmdefrancesco@gmail.com


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

The current limit of max buffer size 1MB seems too small for modern
devices with lots of channels and high sample rates.
Let's make bigger, 4MB.

Reviewed-by: Jaroslav Kysela <perex@perex.cz>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220407212740.17920-1-tiwai@suse.de


Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>

In the implicit feedback mode, some parameters are tied between both
playback and capture streams.  One of the tied parameters is the
period size, and this can be a problem if the device has different
number of channels to both streams.  Assume that an application opens
a playback stream that has an implicit feedback from a capture stream,
and it allocates up to the max period and buffer size as much as
possible.  When the capture device supports only more channels than
the playback, the minimum period and buffer sizes become larger than
the sizes the playback stream took.  That is, the minimum size will be
over the max size the driver limits, and PCM core sees as if no
available configuration is found, returning -EINVAL mercilessly.

For avoiding this problem, we have to look through the counter part of
audioformat list for each sync ep, and checks the channels.  If more
channels are found there, we reduce the max period and buffer ...